如何改变HTML元素内容？innerHTML安全吗

<p>修改<a >html元素</a>内容最直接的方法是使用innerhtml，但存在xss风险且性能较低；1. innerhtml：可插入html字符串，但有安全风险；2. textcontent：仅处理纯文本，安全且高效，无法解析html；3. createelement结合appendchild：安全且精确控制dom，但代码复杂；4. insertadjacenthtml：可指定插入位置，性能优于innerhtml，但仍需防范xss。避免xss的方法包括输入验证、输出转义（如使用dompurify）、启用csp、优先使用textcontent、采用自动转义的模板引擎。textcontent与innertext的<a >区别</a>在于：textcontent获取所有文本（含隐藏元素），是标准属性且性能好；innertext仅获取可见文本，非标准且需布局计算。此外，dom操作还包括创建、删除元素，增删属性和类名，查询、遍历元素及事件监听，建议减少频繁操作以提升性能，可使用documentfragment优化批量处理，以上方法共同实现动态网页交互。</p> <p><img src=”https://img.php.cn/upload/article/001/221/864/175496988212378.jpg” alt=”如何改变HTML元素内容？innerHTML安全吗”></p> <p>改变HTML元素内容，最直接的方法就是使用JavaScript的<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>属性。但<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>并非总是最佳选择，尤其是在安全性方面需要特别注意。</p> <p>使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>可以快速替换元素内的所有内容，包括HTML标签。然而，这也意味着潜在的安全风险，特别是当内容来自不受信任的来源时。</p> <p>解决方案：</p> <p><span>立即学习</span>“<a href=”https://pan.quark.cn/s/cb6835dc7db1″ style=”text-decoration: underline !important; color: blue; font-weight: bolder;” rel=”nofollow” target=”_blank”>前端免费学习笔记（深入）</a>”；</p> <p>直接修改HTML元素内容主要有以下几种方法，各有优缺点：</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>：</strong> 这是最常用的方法，可以将一个HTML<a >字符串解析</a>为DOM节点并插入到指定元素中。</p><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=’brush:javascript;toolbar:false;’>const element = document.getElementById(‘myElement’); element.innerHTML = ‘<h1>Hello World!</h1><p>This is a paragraph.</p>’;</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><p><strong>优点：</strong> 简单易用，快速替换元素内的所有内容。</p> <p><strong>缺点：</strong> 存在XSS（跨站脚本攻击）风险，如果<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>的内容来自用户输入或不可信来源，可能导致恶意脚本执行。此外，每次使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>都会重新解析整个元素及其子元素，性能开销较大。</p> </li> <li> <p><strong><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>：</strong> 设置或获取元素的文本内容。</p><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=’brush:javascript;toolbar:false;’>const element = document.getElementById(‘myElement’); element.textContent = ‘Hello World!’;</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><p><strong>优点：</strong> 安全，会将所有内容视为纯文本，不会解析HTML标签，因此可以有效防止XSS攻击。性能较好，只修改文本内容。</p> <p><strong>缺点：</strong> 只能设置或获取文本内容，无法插入HTML标签。</p> </li> <li> <p><strong><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>createElement</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>、<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>createTextNode</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>、<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>appendChild</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>：</strong> 通过DOM API创建元素和文本节点，然后添加到指定元素中。</p><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=’brush:javascript;toolbar:false;’>const element = document.getElementById(‘myElement’); const heading = document.createElement(‘h1’); const headingText = document.createTextNode(‘Hello World!’); heading.appendChild(headingText); element.appendChild(heading); const paragraph = document.createElement(‘p’); const paragraphText = document.createTextNode(‘This is a paragraph.’); paragraph.appendChild(paragraphText); element.appendChild(paragraph);</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><p><strong>优点：</strong> 安全，可以精确控制DOM结构，避免XSS攻击。性能相对较好，只创建和添加必要的节点。</p> <p><strong>缺点：</strong> 代码相对复杂，需要编写较多的代码才能实现简单的功能。</p> </li> <li> <p><strong><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>insertAdjacentHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>：</strong> 在指定元素的指定位置插入HTML字符串。</p><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=’brush:javascript;toolbar:false;’>const element = document.getElementById(‘myElement’); element.insertAdjacentHTML(‘beforeend’, ‘<h1>Hello World!</h1><p>This is a paragraph.</p>’);</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><p><strong>优点：</strong> 相对<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>，可以更精确地控制插入位置，避免重新解析整个元素。</p> <p><strong>缺点：</strong> 仍然存在XSS风险，需要谨慎处理插入的内容。</p> </li> </ol> <h3>如何避免innerHTML带来的XSS攻击？</h3> <p>避免<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>的XSS攻击，核心在于对输入内容进行严格的验证和转义。永远不要信任来自用户或外部源的数据。以下是一些具体的策略：</p> <ul> <li> <strong>输入验证：</strong> 限制用户输入的内容类型和格式。例如，只允许输入特定字符、数字或预定义的选项。</li> <li> <strong>输出编码/转义：</strong> 在将数据插入到HTML之前，对特殊字符进行转义。可以使用现成的库，例如DOMPurify，它可以自动移除恶意代码，或者手动进行转义，例如将<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”><</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>转义为<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”><</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>，<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>></pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>转义为<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>></pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>。</li> <li> <strong>内容安全策略 (CSP)：</strong> 配置CSP可以限制<a >浏览器</a>加载和执行的资源，从而降低XSS攻击的风险。CSP可以通过HTTP头部或HTML的<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”><meta></pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>标签进行设置。</li> <li> <strong>使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>代替<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerHTML</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>：</strong> 如果只需要设置或获取文本内容，优先使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>，因为它会自动将所有内容视为纯文本，避免解析HTML标签。</li> <li> <strong>使用模板引擎：</strong> 一些模板引擎（例如Handlebars、Mustache）提供了自动转义的功能，可以有效地防止XSS攻击。</li> </ul> <h3><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>和<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerText</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>有什么区别？</h3> <p><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>和<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerText</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>都用于获取或设置元素的文本内容，但它们之间存在一些重要的区别：</p> <ul> <li><p><strong><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>：</strong> 获取元素及其所有后代元素的文本内容，包括隐藏的元素（例如，<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>display: none</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>的元素）和<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”><script></pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>标签内的内容。 <div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>是W3C标准属性。</p></li> <li><p><strong><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerText</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>：</strong> 获取元素及其所有后代元素的“呈现”文本内容，即在浏览器中实际显示的文本。会忽略隐藏的元素和<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”><script></pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>标签内的内容。 <div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerText</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>不是W3C标准属性，不同浏览器实现可能存在差异。</p></li> </ul> <p>性能方面，<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>通常比<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerText</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>更快，因为它不需要进行布局计算。</p> <p>简单来说，如果你需要获取元素的完整文本内容，包括隐藏的元素，使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>；如果你需要获取浏览器实际显示的文本内容，使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>innerText</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>。但出于兼容性和性能考虑，建议优先使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>textContent</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>。</p> <h3>除了修改内容，还能如何操作DOM？</h3> <p>除了修改元素内容，DOM操作还包括：</p> <ul> <li> <strong>创建元素：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>document.createElement()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>创建新的HTML元素。</li> <li> <strong>删除元素：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>element.remove()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>或<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>parentNode.removeChild(element)</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>删除元素。</li> <li> <strong>添加属性：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>element.setAttribute()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>添加或修改元素的属性。</li> <li> <strong>删除属性：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>element.removeAttribute()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>删除元素的属性。</li> <li> <strong>添加类名：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>element.classList.add()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>添加类名。</li> <li> <strong>删除类名：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>element.classList.remove()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>删除类名。</li> <li> <strong>切换类名：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>element.classList.toggle()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>切换类名。</li> <li> <strong>查询元素：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>document.getElementById()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>、<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>document.querySelector()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>、<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>document.querySelectorAll()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>等方法查询元素。</li> <li> <strong>遍历元素：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>parentNode.childNodes</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>、<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>element.children</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>等属性遍历元素。</li> <li> <strong>事件监听：</strong> 使用<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>element.addEventListener()</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>监听元素的事件。</li> </ul> <p>这些DOM操作可以实现对网页结构的动态修改和交互，是构建动态Web应用的基础。需要注意的是，频繁的DOM操作可能会影响性能，因此应该尽量减少不必要的DOM操作，并采用一些优化策略，例如使用文档片段（<div class=”code” style=”position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;”><pre class=”brush:php;toolbar:false”>DocumentFragment</pre><div class=”contentsignin”></div></div>）批量添加元素。</p>