
本文旨在解决Java继承中子类方法无法正确更新父类属性值的问题。通过分析示例代码,详细解释了局部变量与类成员变量的区别,并提供了修改方案,确保子类方法能够正确修改和保持父类的状态。
在Java的继承关系中,子类可以继承父类的属性和方法。然而,在子类方法中修改父类属性时,可能会遇到无法正确保持修改后的值的问题。这通常是由于对局部变量和类成员变量的理解不够透彻造成的。下面我们将通过一个具体的例子来详细分析这个问题,并提供解决方案。
问题分析
考虑以下场景:我们有一个BaseAccount(基础账户)类和一个DebitCard(借记卡)类,DebitCard类继承自BaseAccount类。我们希望在DebitCard类的withdraw(取款)方法中修改账户余额,但发现余额并没有被正确更新。
以下是示例代码:
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public class BaseAccount { private double opening; private double currentAmount = 0.0; private double amount; public BaseAccount(double opening, double currentAmount, double amount) { this.opening = opening; this.currentAmount = currentAmount; this.amount = amount; } public double getOpening() { return opening; } public void setOpening(double opening) { this.opening = opening; } public double getCurrentAmount() { return currentAmount; } public void setCurrentAmount(double currentAmount) { this.currentAmount = currentAmount; } public double getAmount() { return amount; } public void setAmount(double amount) { this.amount = amount; } public String opening(double opening) { this.opening = opening; this.currentAmount = currentAmount + opening; return "This account has been opened with " + this.opening; } public String deposit(double amount) { this.currentAmount += amount; return "Depositing " + amount; } public String balance() { return "Balance: " + currentAmount; } } public class DebitCard extends BaseAccount { public DebitCard(double opening, double currentAmount, double amount) { super(opening, currentAmount, amount); } public String withdraw(double amount) { double currentAmount = getCurrentAmount() - amount; return amount + " have been retired. nBalance: " + currentAmount; } } public class Inheritance { public static void main(String[] args) { BaseAccount base1 = new BaseAccount(0, 0, 0); System.out.println(base1.opening(500)); System.out.println(base1.deposit(22.22)); System.out.println(base1.balance()); DebitCard debit1 = new DebitCard(0, 0, 0); System.out.println(debit1.opening(400)); System.out.println(debit1.deposit(33.33)); System.out.println(debit1.balance()); System.out.println(debit1.withdraw(33.33)); System.out.println(debit1.balance()); } }
运行上述代码,会发现DebitCard的withdraw方法并没有正确更新账户余额。这是因为在withdraw方法中,我们创建了一个新的局部变量currentAmount,而不是修改父类的currentAmount属性。
public String withdraw(double amount) { double currentAmount = getCurrentAmount() - amount; // 创建了一个局部变量 return amount + " have been retired. nBalance: " + currentAmount; }
解决方案
要解决这个问题,我们需要使用setCurrentAmount方法来修改父类的currentAmount属性。修改后的withdraw方法如下:
public String withdraw(double amount) { double newCurrentAmount = getCurrentAmount() - amount; setCurrentAmount(newCurrentAmount); return amount + " have been retired. nBalance: " + newCurrentAmount; }
在这个修改后的版本中,我们首先计算新的余额newCurrentAmount,然后使用setCurrentAmount方法将这个新值设置到父类的currentAmount属性中。这样,当我们再次调用balance方法时,就会得到正确的余额。
完整的DebitCard类代码如下:
public class DebitCard extends BaseAccount { public DebitCard(double opening, double currentAmount, double amount) { super(opening, currentAmount, amount); } public String withdraw(double amount) { double newCurrentAmount = getCurrentAmount() - amount; setCurrentAmount(newCurrentAmount); return amount + " have been retired. nBalance: " + newCurrentAmount; } }
注意事项
- 局部变量与成员变量的区别:在方法内部声明的变量是局部变量,其作用域仅限于该方法。而类的属性(成员变量)的作用域是整个类。
- 访问控制符:如果父类的属性是private的,子类不能直接访问,需要通过getter和setter方法来访问和修改。
- 代码可读性:为了提高代码的可读性,建议使用有意义的变量名,并添加适当的注释。
总结
在Java继承中,子类方法修改父类属性时,需要注意区分局部变量和成员变量。通过使用getter和setter方法,可以确保子类能够正确地访问和修改父类的属性,从而实现预期的功能。希望本文能够帮助你解决类似的问题,并加深对Java继承的理解。


